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Athens changed hands between the Byzantine Empire and a variety of French and Italian adventurers for a couple of hundred years before the Ottomans took over. The Byzantines had effectively acquired it as successor state to the Eastern Roman Empire in the 5th century. Before the Romans arrived around 100BC, it had been dominated by Macedonian kingdoms, who'd defeated and subjugated the Athenians (as allies of the Thebans) in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338BC. There is no direct line of succession between the ancient Athenian state and the modern Greek nation.